Fig. 1. Compound frond developed from a creeping rhizome. The detail of the frond generation can be seen. It can reach up to 3 metres in length. In the Iberian Peninsula, they are primarily found to the north, in oligotrophic oak woods (with low levels of nutrients) at altitudes of less than 700 metres.

Fig. 2. Detail of the underside of the frond. Detail of the arrangement of the pinnae and venation and the sori arranged in rows.

Fig. 3. Detail of the elongated sori on the underside of the pinna.

Fig. 4. Sporangia releasing spores.

GROWTH CONDITIONS

Its habitat is mainly found in woodlands and on wet and shaded banks. It is linked to water courses, oligotrophic Quercus robur oak woods and the strip of riparian woodland.

THREATS

Invasive plant species (e.g. Tradescantia fluminensis)

Riverside deforestation (e.g. forestry and grazing activities)

Channelling of water courses

Scrub clearance

Impact of hiking

Climate change

DIVAQUA ACTIONS FOR ITS CONSERVATION

Improvement of riverbanks

Gathering of bulbils

Growth in nursery

Planting and monitoring of new colonies